POLITICAL AND SOCIAL TERMS-General Knowledge GK - Terminology

APARTHEID	Policy of racial segregation practiced by the South African Government.
ADJOURNMENT	A motion moved by a member of a legislature to adjourn consideration of the issues in hand for discussing a matter of urgent public importance.
AMNESTY	Grant of pardon or exemption from prosecution to political importance.
ARMISTICE	Temporary cessation of hostilities pending formal negotiations for peace.
APPEASEMENT	The policy of gratifying one's enemy with concession and special grants by sacrificing even principles.
AUTONOMY	Power to control internal affairs.
BILATERAL AGREEMENT	An agreement between two countries.
BLOCKADES	Imposing closure of ports and waterways to prevent ships from reaching or leaving it.
BOLSHEVISM	The doctrine of Proletarian Dictatorship as propounded by Lenin.
BOURGEOISE	Capitalist class in Marxian terminology.
BUFFER STATE	A small neutral state between two big states.
BY-ELECTION	A mid term election to fill a seat rendered vacant.
CASTING VOTE	A vote casting of which decides the tie.
CAUCUS	A powerful group of party.
CHARGED AFFAIRS	The senior most diplomat after the head of the mission, officiating in his absence.
COALITION	Combination of two or more parties with the purpose of forming a composite government.
CONFEDERATION	Alliance of nations for some specific purpose our retaining the respective individual nation sovereignty.
COLD WAR	The state of ideological or wordy warfare between two countries or blocks.
ENVOY	A diplomatic emissary accredited to the country and holding position below that of an ambassador.
FIFTH COLUMN	An anti-national clique of spies and saboteurs.
FLOOR CROSSING	The act of changing political loyalty by a person or a group.
FRANCHISE	Right to cast vote in the public elections.
GALLUP POLL	An opinion poll-may be with the help of interview.
GENOCIDE	Intention to destroy wholly or in part a religious, ethnic or political group.
GHERAO	Encircling a person and rending him incapable of doing anything till he/she concedes demands.
GLOSNOST	Means openness. Term used for reforms introduced in Russian society by M.Gorbachov.
HABEAS CORPUS	A type of a writ issued by a High Court or Supreme court against illegal detention of a person.
HOT LINE	A direct telephone link between the White House and Kremlin established in 1963.
IMPEACHMENT	Trial by the Parliament.
LOBBYING	Exercising influence or pressure on members of the legislative bodies in the lobby for supporting or opposing an issue in the House.
LOK PAL	An official appointed by the President to investigate public complaints against ministers and high officials.
MANIFESTO	A declaration of political party about its policies and programmes given at the time of elections.
NATIONALISATION	The act of taking business undertakings an institutions by the state and controlling them.
NAXALITE	A movement violent in character believing in Maoism: the term was first used for the peasants of Naxalbari (West Bengal) who rose against the landlords demanding land for the landless.
NEW DEAL	The name given to the policy of Franklin D.Roosevelt to revive and boost American economy .
ORDINANCE	An Act or decree promulgated by the Head of State in an emergency or when the legislative body is not in session.
PERESTROIKA	Used for Gorbachov's move to restructure political and economical structure of the Russian society.
PLEBISCITE	Voting on regional or national issue.
PERSONALITY CULT	Too much adulation for a ruler or a political figure.
PRIVY PURSE	Yearly allowances granted to the princes of Indian states after the merger of their states with the Indian Union. (New these purses are abolished).
PRIVILEGE MOTION	A motion moved by a legislator drawing attention of the House towards a matter involving breach of privilege of the House or any of its members.
REFERENDUM	People's verdict on some constitutional amendment and some other legislative issue of controversial nature.
SECULARISM	Affirmation in all the faiths, showing no official patronage to any religions or religions.
SANCTIONS	Penalty or reward imposed for disobedience or obedience attached to the law.
SOCIALISM	Control of production and means of distribution in the hands of the State.
STATUTE	Law made by the Parliament, enshrined in the statue book, which are binding on al subjects, of a particular country.
SUFFRAGE	Right of voting in political elections.
SELF-DETERMINATION	Right of a nation deciding its own form of government, its political destiny or independence.
TERRITORIAL WATERS	Areas of the sea up to 12 km measured from the low water mark of the coast and within the executive control of an adjacent State.
UNICAMERAL	A legislature having only one House.
VETO	Right to reject any resolution or enactment passed by the legislature.

Related Web Pages

Political and Social Terms political and economical structure Marxian terminology BILATERAL AGREEMENT Bilateral Agreement Adjournment Coalition

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Parliament- Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha

Parliament

Parliament is the supreme legislative body of India. The Indian Parliament comprises of the President and the two Houses-Lok Sabha (House of the People) and Rajya Sabha (Council of States). The President has the power to summon and prorogue either House of Parliament or to dissolve Lok Sabha.
The Constitution of India came into force on January 26, 1950. The first general elections under the new Constitution were held during the year 1951-52 and the first elected Parliament came into being in April, 1952, the Second Lok Sabha in April, 1957, the Third Lok Sabha in April, 1962, the Fourth Lok Sabha in March, 1967, the Fifth Lok Sabha in March, 1971, the Sixth Lok Sabha in March, 1977, the Seventh Lok Sabha in January, 1980, the Eighth Lok Sabha in December, 1984, the Ninth Lok Sabha in December, 1989, the Tenth Lok Sabha in June, 1991, the Eleventh Lok Sabha in May, 1996, the Twelfth Lok Sabha in March, 1998, Thirteenth Lok Sabha in October, 1999, Fourteenth Lok Sabha in May, 2004 and Fifteenth Lok Sabha in April, 2009.
Visit the Parliament of India Website (External website that opens in a new window)

Rajya Sabha

The origin of Rajya Sabha can be traced back to 1919, when in pursuance to the Government of India Act, 1919, a second chamber known as the Council of States was created. This Council of States, comprising of mostly nominated members was a deformed version of second chamber without reflecting true federal features. The Council continued to function till India became independent. The Rajya Sabha, its Hindi nomenclature was adopted in 23 August, 1954.
The Rajya Sabha is to consist of not more than 250 members - 238 members representing the States and Union Territories, and 12 members nominated by the President.
Rajya Sabha is a permanent body and is not subject to dissolution. However, one third of the members retire every second year, and are replaced by newly elected members. Each member is elected for a term of six years.
The Vice President of India is the ex-officio Chairman of Rajya Sabha. The House also elects a Deputy Chairman from among its members. Besides, there is also a panel of "Vice Chairmen" in the Rajya Sabha. The senior most Minister, who is a member of Rajya Sabha, is appointed by the Prime Minister as Leader of the House.
More information of Rajya Sabha (External website that opens in a new window)

Lok Sabha

Parliamentary institutions in India, with all their modern ramifications, owe their origin to India's British connections. Until 1853, there was no legislative body distinct from the Executive. The Charter Act of 1853, for the first time provided some sort of a legislature in the form of a 12 member Legislative Council. The Indian Independence Act, 1947 declared the Constituent Assembly of India to be a full sovereign body. Apart from being a Constitution drafting body, it also assumed full powers for the governance of the country. With the coming into force of the Constitution on 26 January, 1950, the Constituent Assembly functioned as the Provisional Parliament until the first Lok Sabha, then known as the House of People, and was constituted following General Elections in 1952. Lok Sabha, the Hindi nomenclature was adopted on 14 May, 1954.
The Lok Sabha is composed of representatives of people chosen by direct election on the basis of Universal Adult Suffrage. The Constitution provides that the maximum strength of the House be 552 members - 530 members to represent the States, 20 members to represent the Union Territories, and 2 members to be nominated by the President from the Anglo-Indian Community. At present, the strength of the House is 545 members.
The term of the Lok Sabha, unless dissolved, is five years from the date appointed for its first meeting. However, while a proclamation of emergency is in operation, this period may be extended by Parliament by law for a period not exceeding one year at a time and not extending in any case, beyond a period of six months after the proclamation has ceased to operate.
More information of Lok Sabha (External website that opens in a new window)

Difference between Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha

1. Members of Lok Sabha are directly elected by the eligible voters. Members of Rajya Sabha are elected by the elected members of State Legislative Assemblies in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of single transferable vote.
2. The normal life of every Lok Sabha is 5 years only while Rajya Sabha is a permanent body.
3. Lok Sabha is the House to which the Council of Ministers is responsible under the Constitution. Money Bills can only be introduced in Lok Sabha. Also it is Lok Sabha, which grants the money for running the administration of the country.
4. Rajya Sabha has special powers to declare that it is necessary and expedient in the national interest that Parliament may make laws with respect to a matter in the State List or to create by law one or more all-India services common to the Union and the States.

Functions and Powers

The cardinal functions of the Legislature include overseeing of administration, passing of budget, ventilation of public grievances, and discussing various subjects like development plans, international relations, and national policies. The Parliament can, under certain circumstances, assume legislative power with respect to a subject falling within the sphere, exclusively reserved for the states. The Parliament is also vested with powers to impeach the President, remove judges of Supreme and High Courts, the Chief Election Commissioner, and Comptroller and Auditor General in accordance with the procedure laid down in the Constitution. All legislation requires the consent of both Houses of Parliament. In the case of Money Bills, the will of the Lok Sabha prevails. The Parliament is also vested with the power to initiate amendments in the Constitution.

संसद

संसद भारत का सर्वोच्‍च विधायी निकाय है। भारतीय संसद में राष्‍ट्रपति तथा दो सदन-लोकसभा (लोगों का सदन) एवं राज्‍य सभा (राज्‍यों की परिषद) होते हैं। राष्‍ट्रपति के पास संसद के दोनों में से किसी भी सदन को बुलाने या स्‍थगित करने अथवा लोकसभा को भंग करने की शक्ति है। भारत का संविधान 26 जनवरी, 1950 को प्रवृत्‍त हुआ। नए संविधान के तहत प्रथम आम चुनाव वर्ष 1951-52 में आयोजित किए गए थे तथा प्रथम निर्वाचित संसद अप्रैल, 1952 में अस्तित्‍व में आई, दूसरी लो‍कसभा अप्रैल, 1957 में, तीसरी लोकसभा अप्रैल 1962 में, चौथी लोक सभा मार्च 1967 में, पांचवीं लोकसभा मार्च 1971 में, छठी लोकसभा मार्च 1977 में, सातवीं लोकसभा जनवरी 1980 में, आठवीं लोकसभा दिसम्‍बर 1984 में, नौंवी लोकसभा दिसम्‍बर 1989 में, दसवीं लोकसभा जून 1991 में, ग्‍यारहवी लोकसभा मई 1996 में, बारहवीं लोकसभा मार्च 1998 में, तेरहवीं लोकसभा अक्‍तूबर 1999 में, चौदहवीं लोकसभा मई 2004 में तथा पन्द्रहवीं लोकसभा अप्रैल 2009 में अस्तित्‍व में आई।

राज्‍य सभा

राज्‍य सभा की शुरूआत 1919 में देखी जा सकती है जब भारत सरकार अधिनियम, 1919 के अनुसरण में एक द्वितीय सदन, का सृजन किया गया जिसका नाम राज्‍य परिषद था। यह राज्‍य परिषद, जिसमें अधिकांशत: नामजद सदस्‍य शामिल थे, सही संघीय विशिष्‍टताओं को प्रतिबिम्बित किए बिना दूसरे सदन का एक विरूपित रूपांतर था। इस परिषद ने भारत के स्‍वतंत्र होने तक कार्य करना जारी रखा। इसके हिन्‍दी नाम राज्‍यसभा को 23 अगस्‍त 1954 को अपनाया गया। राज्‍य सभा में अधिकाधिक 250 सदस्‍य होंगे – 238 सदस्‍य राज्‍यों तथा संघ राज्‍य क्षेत्रों के प्रतिनिधि होंगे तथा 12 सदस्‍यों को राष्‍ट्रपति द्वारा नामांकित किया जाएगा। राज्‍य सभा एक स्‍थायी निकाय है तथा इसे भंग नहीं किया जा सकता। तथापि, इसके एक तिहाई सदस्‍य प्रत्‍येक दूसरे वर्ष सेवानिवृत्‍त होते हैं तथा उन्‍हें नए निर्वाचित सदस्‍यों द्वारा प्रतिस्‍थापित किया जाता है। प्रत्‍येक सदस्‍य को छ: वर्ष की अवधि के लिए निर्वाचित किया जाता है। भारत का उपराष्‍ट्रपति राज्‍य सभा का पदेन सभापति है। यह सदन अपने सदस्‍यों में से एक उप सभापति का चुनाव भी करता है। इसके अतिरिक्‍त, राज्‍य सभा में उप-सभापतियों का एक पैनल होता है। वरिष्‍ठतम मंत्री, जो राज्‍य सभा का सदस्‍य होता है, को प्रधानमंत्री द्वारा सदन के नेता के रूप में नियुक्‍त किया जाता है।

लोकसभा

अपनी समस्‍त आधुनिक प्रशाखाओं के साथ भारत में संसदीय संस्‍थाओं की उत्‍पत्ति भारत के ब्रिटिश संबंधों के कारण हुई। 1983 तक, कार्यपालिका से सुभिन्‍न कोई विधायी निकाय नहीं था। 1853 के शासनपत्र अधिनियम में पहली बार 12 सदस्‍यीय विधायी परिषद के रूप में एक प्रकार के विधानमंडल की व्‍यवस्‍था की। भारतीय स्‍वतंत्रता अधिनियम, 1947 में भारत की संविधानी सभा को एक पूर्ण प्रभुसत्‍तात्‍मक निकाय घोषित किया गया। संविधान का मसौदा तैयार करने वाले निकाय के अतिरिक्‍त इसने देश के अभिशासन के लिए भी पूर्ण शक्तियां अभिगृहीत कर ली। 26 जनवरी 1950 को संविधान के प्रवृत्‍त होने पर संविधानी सभा ने प्रथम लोकसभा, जिसे तब लोगों का सदन कहा जाता था, के 1952 में आम चुनावों के बाद संघटित किए जाने तक अनंतिम संसद के रूप में कार्य किया। हिन्‍दी नाम लोकसभा को 14 मई 1954 को अपनाया गया। लोकसभा का संघटन सार्वभौम वयस्‍क मताधिक के आधार पर प्रत्‍यक्ष चुनाव द्वारा चुने गए प्रतिनिधियों से किया जाता है। संविधान में व्‍यवस्‍था है कि सदन की अधिकतम सदस्‍य संख्‍या 552 होगी – 530 सदस्‍य राज्‍यों का प्रतिनिधित्‍व करेंगे, 20 सदस्‍य संघशासित प्रदेशों का प्रतिनिधित्‍व करेंगे तथा 2 सदस्‍यों को राष्‍ट्रपति द्वारा एंग्‍लो-इण्डियन समुदाय से नामित किया जाएगा। वर्तमान में सदन की सदस्‍य संख्‍या 545 है। लोकसभा का कार्य काल, यदि इसे भंग न किया जाए, इसकी प्रथम बैठक के लिए नियुक्‍त तिथि से पांच वर्ष है। तथापि, जब आपात उद्घोषणा प्रचालनरत हो, तो इस अवधि को संसद द्वारा कानून पारित करके एक समय में अधिकाधिक एक वर्ष के लिए बढ़ाया जा सकता है तथा उद्घोषणा के अप्रचालनरत होने के पश्‍चात किसी भी मामले में यह अवधि छ: माह से अधिक नहीं होगी।

लोकसभा और राज्‍यसभा के बीच अंतर

1. लोक सभा के सदस्‍यों को सीधे पात्र मतदाताओं द्वारा निर्वाचित किया जाता है। राज्‍य सभा के सदस्‍यों को एकल अंतरणीय मत के माध्‍यम से आनुपारित प्रतिनिधित्‍व की प्रणाली के अनुसार राज्‍य विधानसभाओं के निर्वाचित सदस्‍यों द्वारा चुना जाता है।
2. लोक सभा का सामान्‍य कार्यकाल केवल 5 वर्ष है जबकि राज्‍यसभा एक स्‍थायी निकाय है।
3. लोक सभा वह सदन है जिसके प्रति मंत्रिपरिषद सं‍विधान के अंतर्गत उत्‍तरदायी है। धन विधेयक को केवल लोकसभा में पुन: स्‍थापित किया जा सकता है। साथ ही, यह लोक सभा है जो देश के प्रशासन का संचालन करने के लिए धन प्रदान करती है।
4. राज्‍य सभा के पास यह घोषित करने के लिए विशेष शक्तियां है कि राष्‍ट्रीयहित में यह आवश्‍यक तथा समयोचित है कि संसद राज्‍य सूची में किसी मामले के संबंध में कानून बनाए अथवा कानून द्वारा एक या अधिक अखिल भारत सेवाओं का सृजन करे जो संघ तथा राज्‍यों के‍ लिए एक समान हो।

कार्य तथा शक्तियां

विधायिका के प्रमुख कार्यों में प्रशासन की देखरेख, बजट पारित करना, लोक शिकायतों की सुनवाई तथा विभिन्‍न विषयों यथा विकास योजनाओं, अंतर्राष्‍ट्रीय संबंध एवं राष्‍ट्रीय नीतियों पर चर्चा करना शामिल है। कतिपय परिस्थितियों में संसद अनन्‍य रूप से राज्‍यों के लिए आरक्षित इसकी परिधि के अंतर्गत आने वाले किसी विषय के संबंध में विधायी शक्ति को अभिग्रहीत कर सकती है। संसद में राष्‍ट्रपति पर महाभियोग चलाने, उच्‍चतम एवं उच्‍च न्‍यायालयों के न्‍यायाधीशों, मुख्‍य निर्वाचन आयुक्‍त तथा नियंत्रक एवं महालेखापरीक्षक को संविधान में निर्धारित प्रक्रिया विधि के अनुसार हटाने की शक्तियां भी विहित है। सभी विधानों के लिए संसद के दोनों सदनों की सहमति आवश्‍यक है। धन विधेयकों के मामले में, लोक सभा की इच्‍छा प्रवृत्‍त होगी। संविधान में संशोधन आरम्‍भ करने की शक्ति निहित है।

इस वेबसाइट  की हर नई जानकारी अपने मेल-बॉक्स में मुफ्त मंगाइए!!
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Arunachal Pradesh अरूणाचल प्रदेश के बारे में जानें

Particulars	Description
Area	83,743 sq. km
Population	1,097,968
Capital	Itanagar
Principal Languages	Monpa, Miji, Aka, Sherdukpen, Nyishi, Apatani, Tagin, Hill Miri, Adi, Digaru-Mismi, Idu-Mishmi, Khamti, Miju-Mishmi, Nocte, Tangsa and Wancho.

History and Geography

Arunachal Pradesh, the erstwhile North-East Frontier Agency shares international boundaries with Bhutan, Tibet, China and Myanmar to the west, north-east, north and east respectively, and the state boundaries with Assam and Nagaland. The terrain consists of submontane and mountainous ranges, sloping down to the plains of Assam, divided into valleys by the rivers Kameng, Subansiri, Siang, Lohit and Tirap.
There are practically no records relating to the history of this area, except some oral literature and a number of historical ruins found mainly in the foothills. Subsequent explorations and excavations have identified the ruins as dating approximately from the early Christian era. The historical evidence indicates that not only was the area well known, but the people living here had close relations with the rest of the country too.
Modern history of Arunachal Pradesh begins with the inception of British rule in Assam after the treaty of Yandaboo, concluded on 24 February 1826.
Before 1962, the area was popularly known as the NEFA, and was constitutionally a part of Assam. Because of its strategic importance, however, it was administered by the Ministry of External Affairs until 1965, and subsequently by the Ministry of Home Affairs, through the Governor of Assam. In 1972, it was constituted as a Union Territory and renamed Arunachal Pradesh. On 20 February 1987, it became the 24^th state of the Indian Union.

Festivals

Folk Dance of Arunachal Pradesh

Some of the important festivals of the State are: Mopin and Solung of the Adis, Lossar of the Monpas and Boori-boot of the Hill Miris, Sherdukpens, Dree of the Apatanis, Si-Donyi of the Tagins, Reh of the ldu-Mishmis, Nyokum of the Nishs, etc. Animal sacrifice is a common ritual in most festivals.

Agriculture and Horticulture

Agriculture is the mainstay of the people of Arunachal Pradesh, and had mainly depended on jhum cultivation. Encouragement is being given to the cultivation of cash crops like potatoes and horticulture crops like apples, oranges and pineapples.

Industries and Minerals

For conservation and explorations of vast minerals, the APMDTCL were set up in 1991. Namchik-Namphuk coal fields are taken up by APMDTCL. To provide training to craftsmen in different trades, there are five Government Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs) functioning in the state at Roing, Tabarijo, Dirang, Yupia & Miao. ITI Yupia, located at Papum Pare District it is the only ITI exclusive to Women in Arunachal Pradesh.

Irrigation and Power

An area of more than 87,500 hectares has been irrigated in Arunachal Pradesh. The installed capacity of the State is about 30,735 MW. Around 2,600 villages have been electrified out of 3,649 villages in the State.

Transport

Roads: Arunachal Pradesh has 330 km of national highway.

Tourist Centres

Sela Lake

Places of tourist interest are: Tawang, Dirang, Bomdila, Tipi, Itanagar Malinithan, Likabali, Pasighat, Along, Tezu, Miao, Roing, Daporijo Namdapha, Bhismaknagar, Parashurarn Kund and Khonsa.

Panchayati Raj

The Arunachal Pradesh State Election Commission in support of State Govt. has successfully conducted and completed Panchayati Raj Elections in the State in the month of May 2008 for speedy development in the village and grass root level.


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About Andhra Pradesh आंध्र प्रदेश का परिचय

Particulars	Description
Area	2,75,069 sq. km
Population	8.32 crore
Capital	Hyderabad
Principal Languages	Telugu and Urdu

History and Geography
The earliest mention of the Andhras is said to be in Aitereya Brahmana (2000 BC). It indicates that the Andhras, originally an Aryan race living in north India migrated to south of the Vindhyas and later mixed with non-Aryans. Regular history of Andhra Desa, according to historians, begins with 236 BC, the year of Ashoka's death. During the following centuries, Satavahanas, Sakas, Ikshvakus, Eastern Chalukyas, Kakatiyas ruled the Telugu country. Other dynasties that ruled over the area in succession were the kingdoms of Vijayanagar and Qutub Shahi followed by Mir Qumruddin and his successors, known as the Nizams. Gradually, from the 17th century onwards, the British annexed territories of the Nizam and constituted the single province of Madras. After Independence, Telugu-speaking areas were separated from the composite Madras Presidency and a new Andhra State came into being on 1 October 1953. With the passing of the States Reorganisation Act, 1956, there was a merger of Hyderabad State and Andhra State, and consequently Andhra Pradesh came into being on 1 November 1956.
Andhra Pradesh is historically called the Rice Bowl of India. The State has a large river system which supplements the rainfall in the State. It is one of the few States in the country blessed with riverine geography.
Andhra Pradesh is bound on the north by Orissa and Chhattisgarh, on the west by Maharashtra and Karnataka, on the south by Tamil Nadu and on the east by the Bay of Bengal with a coastline of 974 km.

Agriculture

Agriculture is the main occupation of about 62 per cent of the people in Andhra Pradesh. Rice is a major food crop and staple food of the State contributing about 77 per cent of the food grain production. Other important crops are jowar, bajra, maize, ragi, small millets, pulses, castor, tobacco, cotton and sugarcane. Forests cover 23 per cent of the State's area. Important forest products are teak, eucalyptus, cashew, casuarina, bamboo, softwood, etc. The production of food grains in the state for the first time since formation of the State is recorded at 204.04 lakh tonne in 2008-09 as against 198.17 lakh tonne in 2007-08.
The Government is working with a mission of "Sustainable Agriculture Production with minimum cost of cultivation, eventually enhancing the return on income to the farmer". In the process of making the mission a reality, the Government is implementing schemes for the welfare of farmers like 9 hours free power supply, subsidized seed, subsidized interest rate on crop loans, subsidized and quality agricultural inputs etc., Andhra Pradesh occupies the first position in respect of agricultural loans from commercial and cooperative banks.
The debt waiver scheme of Central Government and the incentive scheme of the State Government have helped about one crore farmers in the state to the tune of Rs.16,000 crore. The Government of Andhra Pradesh is also keen on introducing cooperative farming to set up farm yields.

Irrigation

A total of 86 projects (44 Major+30 Medium+4 Flood Banks+8 Modernisation) have been taken up under Jalayagnam programme, with the aim of completing the ongoing and new projects in a record time to provide immediate irrigation to water starved areas on top priority by mobilizing funds from all possible sources. Till now, 12 projects were completed and water released for 19 more projects creating partial irrigation potential and the remaining projects are programmed to be completed in a time bound and planned manner, Andhra Pradesh Government has been making huge budgetary allocations for the execution of irrigation projects and it is the first state to involve the farmers in the management of irrigation sources.

Power

Important power projects in the State are: the Nagarjunasagar and Neelam Sanjiva Reddy Sagar (Srisailam Hydel Project), Upper Sileru, Lower Sileru, Tungabhadra Hydel projects and Nellore, Ramagundam, Kothagudem, Vijayawada and Muddanur thermal power projects. The Srisailam Hydro Electric project (Right Bank) with an installed capacity of 770 MW and the Srisailam Left Bank HES capacity of 900 MW and the Nagarjunasagar complex with 960 MW are the principal sources of hydel generation. Vijayawada Thermal Power station with an installed capacity of 1,260 MW and Kothagudem Thermal Power station with an installed capacity of 1,220 MW are the main sources of thermal power generation. The 1,000 MW coal-based Simhadri Thermal Power station aims at supplying the entire energy generated to the State.
Installed capacity of the State as on June, 2009 is 13,472.33 MW. The annual revenue from sale of power is Rs.13,945 crore (including non-tariff income). Government is particularly committed to the welfare of farmers by way of enhancing free power from seven hours to nine hours to all agriculture consumers. Govt. also waived the power consumption arrears amounting to Rs.1,259 crore relating to agricultural consumers. During the year 2008-09, 81,036 new agricultural connections were released. 21 new projects are programmed by APGENCO, out of which, 2 projects Rayalaseema TPP State II and Dr. Narla Tata Rao TPS State II (VTPS Stage IV) are already functioning.

Industries

The Government of AP is extending various incentives for SSI& Tiny Sector and Large & Medium Scale Industries. The State Government has been promoting the manufacturing sector in a big way by providing concessions in power tariff, allotting land and relaxing labour laws in special Economic Zones (SEZs). AP has promoted 102 Special Economic Zones (SEZs) of which 64 have been notified by the Government of India. The state has recommended to Government of India for setting up of 59 IT/ ITES SEZs, with active private sector participation. As of now, 12 IT SEZs with 22 units are functioning and operational creating an employment of 15,000 of IT professionals.

Mines and Geology

Andhra Pradesh is well known globally for variety of rocks and minerals and is called Ratna Grabha. Andhra Pradesh has the largest deposits of quality chrysolite asbestos in the country. Other important minerals found in the state are copper ore, manganese, mica, coal and limestone. The Singareni Coal Mines supply coal to the entire South India. The mineral consumption is increasing due to promotion of various industries and manufacture of mineral based products. The state produces about 100 to 110 million tonnes of industrial minerals and 200 million cubic meters of stone and building material. AP stands first in Barytes and Limestone production in the country. The state stands first in value of minor mineral production and second in total value of mineral production in the country contributing about 9 to 10% to the country's mineral value production. The mineral revenue is Rs.1,660.79 crore during 2008-09. The state stands first in Mineral Revenue among the important Mineral Producing states of the country.

Civil Supplies

Rs.2/-a kg rice scheme: To extend help to the poor and low-income groups the State Government has been implementing the Rs.2/- a Kg Rice supply scheme since April 7, 2008. Depending on the size of the family, each white cardholder gets 16 kg to 20 kg every month. This benefits 1.82 crore white cardholders. The Government is keen on implementing the scheme without any scope for irregularities.

Housing

The Government has introduced an innovative, unique, self financed housing scheme "Rajiv Swagruha" for the moderate income group in the state with an objective that every person with moderate income group in the state having no house of his/her own must have a house at affordable cost in the urban/municipal areas in the state. The houses/flats have to be made available to them at prices 25% less than the existing market rates on similar specifications. The construction of housing programme under Rajiv Swagruha is under progress. Schemes were prepared for construction of 85,961 houses/flats and bids were received for 61,793 units and bids were awarded for construction of 52,340 houses/flats.
Under Weaker Section Housing Program till the end of 31st March, 2009, 87,70,082 houses have been completed comprising 80,64,383 in rural areas and 7,05,699 in urban areas.

Health

'Rajiv Arogyasri' is a unique health insurance scheme being implemented in Andhra Pradesh. The scheme enables the poor, suffering from chronic diseases, to undergo treatment costing upto Rs.2 lakh. All white cardholders can undergo treatment for about 942 diseases. Medical and surgical treatment is provided in 344 corporate, private and Govt hospitals free of cost to patients Aarogyasri scheme is unique in its applicability, since no other state/government agency has provided universal health coverage to the poor for major ailments. The choice of hospital for treatment is with the patient. The entire process from the time of conduct of health camps to the screening, testing, treatment, follow up and claim payment is made transparent through online web based processing to prevent any misuse and fraud. This system is motivating more and more Government hospitals to participate in the scheme and utilize the revenue earned to improve facilities to provide quality 1110 India 2010 medical care and thus bring reforms in tertiary medical care. Official from several status have visited the state and appreciated the scheme. Since inception of the scheme i.e., 1st April 2007 and as on 31st March 2009, 344 hospitals from Government and private sector have joined the network and organized 8785 health camps in rural areas wherein 15,99,520 patients have been screened and 2,43,529 surgeries/treatment conducted at a cost of Rs.781.35 crore. In addition, 3,65,763 patients were given medical consultation as outpatients free of cost.

Information Technology

Andhra Pradesh has been forging ahead in the sphere of Information Technology. It is ahead of other states in exploiting the opportunities to the hilt. The State Government has introduced many schemes to utilize the maximum number of skilled human resources in the I.T. Sector. During 2008-09, I.T. sector recorded an export growth rate of over 20% with exports turnover of Rs.31,800 crore. AP ranks 4th at National level in IT performance.
The Government is making efforts to spread IT to Tier II cities like Warangal, Tirupathi, Kakinada, Vishakhapatnam, Vijayawada, Guntur and Kadapa. As a result, job opportunities in the IT sector in Tier II cities have improved. The IIT, Hyderabad is part of the history making which started functioning from August 20, 2008. The Government of Andhra Pradesh established Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technology (RGUKT) in 2008 to cater to the educational needs of the meritorious rural youth of Andhra Pradesh, Three IIITs are established in Basara (Adilbad), Nuzividu (Krishna) and Rajiv Knowledge Valley (Kadapa) under RGUKT. A total of 6000 students will be admitted in 2009 academic year.

Transport

Roads: The total R&B road network in the State is 69,051 km as on 31.3.2009, of which, the National Highways passing through Andhra Pradesh constitute 4,648 km., the state Highways constitute 10,519 kms and Major District Roads constitute 32,170 km and rural roads 21,714 kms. The density with reference to R&B road network in the state is 0.23 kms per one sq. km. and 0.86 kms per 1000 persons.
Railways:Of the railways route covering 5,107 km in Andhra Pradesh, 4,633 km is broad-gauge, 437 km is metre-gauge and 37 km is narrow gauge.
Aviation: Important airports in the State are located at Shamshabad, Tirupathi and Visakhapatnam. International flights are operated from Shamshabad.
Ports: There is one major Port at Visakhapatnam under Government of India and 13 Non-Major Ports under State Government. Ports offer tremendous potential for development and for the growth of a wide spectrum of maritime activities such as international shipping, coastal shipping, ship repairs, fishing, captive ports for specific industries, all weather ports tourism and sports, etc. Minor Ports of Andhra Pradesh handled 26.88 million tones of cargo during 2009-10 and AP is the 2nd highest cargo handling state in India.

Tourist Centres

Hussain Sagar Lake, Hyderabad

Andhra Pradesh Tourism Development Corporation continues to strive for promotion of new tourism products such as Eco-tourism, Beach-Tourism and Cruise-Tourism.
The Corporation currently runs a chain of 52 hotels with 1043 rooms and 2222 beds in prime locations fostering homely ambience. An impressive elect of 144 buses cater to varied tour packages connecting to important tourism locations within and outside the state. The Corporation runs Sound & Light shows, owns and operates water fleet of 120 boats making River and Lake Cruise tourism at an affordable reality. 73.79 lakh tourists visited the state and the revenue is Rs.109.00 crore during 2008-09.

Charminar, Hyderabad

Charminar, Salarjung Museum, Golconda Fort in Hyderabad, Thousand Pillar Temple and Fort in Warangal, Sri Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy Temple at Yadagirigutta, Buddha Stupa at Nagarjunakonda, Nagarjuna Sagar, Sri Venkateswara Temple at Tirumala-Tirupathi, Sri Mallikarjunaswamy Temple at Srisailam, Kanaka Durga Temple at Vijayawada, Sri Satyanarayana Swamy Temple at Annavaram, Sri Varaha Narasimha Swamy Temple at Simhachalam, Sri Sita Rama Temple at Bhadrachalam, Araku Valley, Horsley Hills, Nelapattu, etc., are the major tourist attractions in Andhra Pradesh.

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List of State-wise National Highways in India

List of State-wise National Highways in India

Sl. No.	Name of State	National Highway No.	Total Length (in km)
1	Andhra Pradesh	4, 5, 7, 9, 16, 18, 43, 63, 202, 205, 214, 214A, 219, 221 & 222	4472
2	Arunachal Pradesh	52, 52A & 153	392
3	Assam	31, 31B, 31C, 36, 37, 37A, 38, 39, 44, 51, 52, 52A, 52B, 53, 54, 61, 62, 151, 152, 153 & 154	2836
4	Bihar	2, 2C, 19, 28, 28A, 28B, 30, 30A, 31, 57, 57A, 77, 80, 81, 82, 83, 83, 84, 85, 98, 99, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107 & 110	3642
5	Chandigarh	21	24
6	Chhattisgarh	6, 12A, 16, 43, 78, 200, 202, 216, 217, 111, & 221	2184
7	Delhi	1, 2, 8, 10 & 24	72
8	Goa	4A, 17, 17A & 17B	269
9	Gujarat	NE-I, 6, 8, 8A, 8B, 8C, 8D, 8E, 14, 15, 59, 113 & 228	3245
10	Haryana	1, 2, 8, 10, 21A, 22, 64, 65, 71, 71A, 72, 73, 73A , 71B & NE-II1512	1512
11	Himachal Pradesh	1A, 20, 21, 21A, 22, 70, 72, 88 & 73A	1208
12	Jammu & Kashmir	1A, 1B, 1C & 1D	1245
13	Jharkhand	2, 6, 23, 31, 32, 33, 75, 78, 80, 98, 99 & 100	1805
14	Karnataka	4, 4A, 7, 9, 13, 17, 48, 63, 67, 206, 207,209, 212 & 218	3843
15	Kerala	17, 47, 47A, 49, 208, 212, 213, & 220	1440
16	Madhya Pradesh	3, 7, 12, 12A, 25, 26, 26A, 27, 59, 59A, 69, 75, 76, 78, 86 & 92	4670
17	Maharashtra	3, 4, 4B, 4C, 6, 7, 8, 9, 13, 16, 17, 50, 69, 204, 211 & 222	4176
18	Manipur	39, 53, 150 & 155	959
19	Meghalaya	40, 44, 51 & 62	810
20	Mizoram	44A, 54, 54A, 54B, 150 & 154	927
21	Nagaland	36, 39, 61, 150 & 155	494
22	Orissa	5, 5A, 6, 23, 42, 43, 60, 75, 200, 201, 203, 203A, 215, 217 & 2243704	3704
23	Puducherry	45A & 66	53
24	Punjab	1, 1A, 10, 15, 20, 21, 22, 64, 70, 71, 72 & 95	1557
25	Rajasthan	3, 8, 11, 11A, 11B, 12, 14, 15, 65, 71B, 76, 79, 79A, 89, 5585, 90, 113, 112, 114 & 116	53
26	Sikkim	31A	62
27	Tamilnadu	4, 5, 7, 7A, 45, 45A, 45B, 45C, 46, 47, 47B, 49, 66, 67, 68, 205, 207, 208, 209, 210, 219, 220, 226 & 227	4462
28	Tripura	44 & 44A 400	400
29	Uttaranchal	58, 72, 72A, 73, 74, 87, 94, 108, 109, 123, 119, 121, 87 Ext. & 125	1991
30	Uttar Pradesh	2, 2A, 3, 7, 11, 12A, 19, 24, 24A, 24B, 25, 25A, 26, 27, 28, 28B, 28C, 29, 56, 56A, 56B, 58, 72A, 73, 74, 75, 76, 86, 87, 91, 91A, 92, 93 ,96, 97 , 119 & NE-II	5874
31	West Bengal	2, 2B, 6, 31, 31A, 31C, 32, 34, 35, 41, 55, 60, 60A, 80, 81 & 117	2377
32	Andaman & Nicobar	223	300
		Total	66590

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